A ampliação das assimetrias na Zona do Euro como fator da crise grega
Resumo
Desde meados do século XX, é possível observar uma consistente aproximação econômica no continente euro-peu, consubstanciada na proliferação de acordos e na criação de instituições regionais. O caso mais emblemático tem sido, certamente, o da União Europeia (UE), anteriormente conhecida como Comunidade Econômica europeia (CEE). Nesse caso, sua criação e seu desenvolvimento têm como razão de ser a provisão de estabilidade política e a mitigação das desigualdades econômicas entre os países que a integram. Porém, neste último quesito, a integração não tem cumprido sua função, em especial na Zona do Euro, visto que a coexistência de distintas estratégias de crescimento econômico executadas pelos Estados acabou por manter ou mesmo aprofundar a assimetrias entre os países que adotaram a moeda comum. Neste artigo, busca-se apresentar sucintamente a evolução da integração na Europa Ocidental, em que os Estados nacionais, especialmente os mais fortes, jamais perderam o protagonismo político, ainda que algumas instituições com poderes supranacionais tenham sido criadas, e analisar a persistência das assimetrias econômicas no bloco. Tendo-se em mente os problemas mais gerais da União Europeia e da Zona do Euro, procura-se explorar com maior atenção o caso da Grécia, pais que, embora tivesse registrado sólido crescimento econômico durante décadas, manteve desequilíbrios crônicos em sua conta de transações correntes com o exterior. Esse problema minou paulatinamente a capacidade de solvência externa do País, mas gerou parca atenção durante muito tempo devido à alta liquidez global no período. No contexto da crise global a partir de 2007, com a diminuição da liquidez, a situação do País deteriorou-se sobremaneira. Defende-se o argumento de que esses acontecimentos não devem ser interpretados unicamente sob a ótica da irresponsabilidade grega, mas, inclusive, tendo-se em mente os desequilíbrios e as disputas de poder que se refletiram na própria criação de instituições comunitárias, principalmente na Zona do Euro.
Palavras-chave: União Europeia; euro; Grécia; integração regional; assimetrias.
TÍTULO EM INGLÊS
The expansion of asymmetries in the Eurozone as a factor of the Greek crisis
Abstract
Since the half of the 20th century, we can witness a consistent economic rapprochement across Europe, reflecting on the proliferation of treaties and on the creation of regional institutions. The most remarkable example has been the European Union (EU), formerly known as the European Economic Community (EEC). In that case, its creation and evolution have as its raison d'être the provision of political stability and the mitigation of economic disparities among member nations. However, regarding the latter issue, the integration has not been fulfilling its goal, in particular within the Eurozone, once the coexistence of diverging strategies of economic development has maintained or even deepened the imbalances among the economies which adopted the common currency. In this article, we seek to briefly present the evolution of the integration in Western Europe, in which states, especially the most powerful ones, have never lost leadership, notwithstanding the rise of supranational bodies, and to analyze the persistence of economic disparities among nations. Taking into account the more general aspects of both the European Union and the Eurozone, we intend to focus on Greece, which, despite decades of sound economic growth, has kept chronic imbalances in its external current account. Such problem gradually undermined Greek external solvency, but remained under low attention for a long time due to high global liquidity. Since the beginning of the global crisis in 2007, waning liquidity has deteriorated the Greek situation. In this article we propose that the recent problems in Greece should not be understood uniquely under the argument of Greek irresponsibility, but also by bearing in mind inequalities and power disputes which resulted from the creation of regional institutions, mainly within the Eurozone.
Keywords: European Union; euro; Greece; regional integration; imbalances
Artigo recebido em 16 out. de 2015
Palavras-chave: União Europeia; euro; Grécia; integração regional; assimetrias.
TÍTULO EM INGLÊS
The expansion of asymmetries in the Eurozone as a factor of the Greek crisis
Abstract
Since the half of the 20th century, we can witness a consistent economic rapprochement across Europe, reflecting on the proliferation of treaties and on the creation of regional institutions. The most remarkable example has been the European Union (EU), formerly known as the European Economic Community (EEC). In that case, its creation and evolution have as its raison d'être the provision of political stability and the mitigation of economic disparities among member nations. However, regarding the latter issue, the integration has not been fulfilling its goal, in particular within the Eurozone, once the coexistence of diverging strategies of economic development has maintained or even deepened the imbalances among the economies which adopted the common currency. In this article, we seek to briefly present the evolution of the integration in Western Europe, in which states, especially the most powerful ones, have never lost leadership, notwithstanding the rise of supranational bodies, and to analyze the persistence of economic disparities among nations. Taking into account the more general aspects of both the European Union and the Eurozone, we intend to focus on Greece, which, despite decades of sound economic growth, has kept chronic imbalances in its external current account. Such problem gradually undermined Greek external solvency, but remained under low attention for a long time due to high global liquidity. Since the beginning of the global crisis in 2007, waning liquidity has deteriorated the Greek situation. In this article we propose that the recent problems in Greece should not be understood uniquely under the argument of Greek irresponsibility, but also by bearing in mind inequalities and power disputes which resulted from the creation of regional institutions, mainly within the Eurozone.
Keywords: European Union; euro; Greece; regional integration; imbalances
Artigo recebido em 16 out. de 2015
Palavras-chave
União Europeia, euro, Grécia, integração regional, assimetrias
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